Ever since the Second World War, governments have focused on supporting farmers to feed the nation and do it in ever more efficient ways to increase the volume of calories to feed the population and export to drive revenue; self-sufficiency has been a mantra which has never been achieved. This has led to farms increasing in size and specialisation and using farming support businesses and big Ag companies for advice to manage complexity and produce more efficiently and with higher volume.
We live in a world where politicians have signed up to Net Zero commitments. NGOs tell them how nature is depleted and how agriculture has been a significant source of carbon emissions and biodiversity loss. Work by the Stockholm Resilience Centre (Fig 1) on planetary boundaries shows that farming is involved in 4 areas where Planetary boundaries have been crossed
Biosphere Integrity- loss of genetic diversity in the environment
Climate change- driven by Carbon dioxide, Methane and Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen- fixed nitrogen being added to the environment, creating algae blooms
Phosphorus- flows from fertiliser and erodible soil into the ocean, causing eutrophication.
Planetary boundaries and other scientific work are seen as fundamental for affecting politicians and the general public's view of environmental concerns and, thus, are the current driving forces of government subsidies and consumer concerns around the environmental impact of farming.
Agriculture is the third biggest industry(Fig 2), 5th most significant sector, creating carbon emissions, and it has been easy to be defensive about the portrayal of the industry in public. Putting our heads in the sand and hoping all this goes away has been a logical response. However, uniquely Agriculture also has massive advantages because it is the only industry that absorbs carbon to make its primary product. With changing science and farming practices, carbon can be stored. With the ability to change the amount of biodiversity on their land, farmers can build on their social license to be climate-positive. Additionally, grassland farmers are identifying ways of decreasing nitrogen inputs. New technology is now available to remove Phosphorus from slurry and export it to the Arable farms in the East, thus creating a more circular farming system.
Agriculture in the UK has also had a significant investment in Research and Development in the last ten years since the development of the four innovation centres in 2013. £150 Million has been invested, and now, with 3 of the centres merging to create an Agricatapult, there is an ambition for the UK to become a global leader in sustainable food production, which will create Land sparing and Land Sharing capabilities.
DEFRA is now putting money where its mouth is. The Sixth Carbon Budget contains all the information about how the government intends to achieve net zero by 2050. The section on agriculture runs to 82 pages and is often dense with information, ambition and prediction. However, it does lead DEFRA to ELMS and the Sustainable Farming Initiative with public money for public goods and encouragement of farmers to review and reflect on current farming practices and what practices will be delivering for tomorrow's world.
So, what can livestock farmers do to prepare for the upcoming changes?
Eight steps to a more sustainable and greener company
1- Change mindset- see opportunity rather than cost
2- Assess carbon footprint- use the tools to understand where the outputs are
3- Set some goals- use the footprint to identify the highest impact areas
4- Reduce consumption for quick wins- electric, fertiliser, cake
5- Generate ideas and copy others
6- Review suppliers and partners- do they share the vision and understand the journey.
7- Engage Employees- they will be delivering the change and need to come on the journey.
8- Explore technology and innovate
Farmers have been able to change mindsets and value new opportunities throughout time. It happens slowly and then quickly. Current trends in farming mean that a new generation, who are younger, more female, have varied educational backgrounds, are more concerned about environmental stewardship, and are more technologically savvy, is coming onto farms. This diversity of new talent coming into agriculture will change mindsets and allow farmers to see the future more clearly.
Carbon footprint technology continues to improve, and as it allows more granular data input, it becomes more valuable as a tool to support management decisions and benchmark the impact of those decisions on profitability and carbon removal.
Suppliers and partners become a crucial part of any change project. Identifying those organisations that share your values and want to enable farming to move to the future becomes a key objective. Suppliers are often very successful at supplying successful farmers today; however, they need help to look beyond short-term opportunities to see what they may need to supply in the medium to long term. This creates an opportunity for new suppliers and partners who share the vision and want to work with farmers of the future rather than farmers of the past.
Soil becomes one of the key focuses of the SFI and many routes to a different future. As a vet, I was always comfortable discussing maximising grass growth to get health and production. New thinking now emphasises the importance of the diversity of plants and the diversity of the soil beneath that plant. New science and old techniques are now merging to increase understanding of how we can better support soil to decrease artificial Nitrogen uses and improve the drainage and absorption capacity of the soil to support water retention. This old/new thinking will allow livestock farmers to take advantage of both better grass growth and carbon sequestration once there is agreement in the science.
Developing technologies that lead to higher phosphate removals using separators means that the higher Nitrogen liquid component can be kept on farms to grow grass. In contrast, the solid fractions with more phosphate can be exported to where needed. Technology is also developing in Biodiversity monitoring, and now the cost of this is decreasing with lower reliance on ecologists and more reliance on technological sensors. Much of this technology is still in development, and those farmers who engage at an early stage may be able to influence the development and take advantage of the benefits before the later adopters.
One of the critical questions is how to support farmers in seeing the positive upside of the next agricultural revolution to allow them to approach the future with excitement and opportunity rather than defensiveness and concern for livelihood.
Approaching this through questions rather than answers will allow reflection on what is wanted over the next 15 years for themselves and the land they steward.
What matters to you now?
What will matter to your family in 10-15 years?
How can we measure the impact of the advice we are receiving?
Sitting in 2035, what will you be most proud of?
What capacity do I have for experimentation and entrepreneuring to the future?
· Invested in Air Source Heat Pump (paid by the government)
· Invested in solar and battery (7-year payback)
· Use zero-waste shops
· Trying to change diet to increase beans and pulses
· We have encouraged children to engage in sustainability at university
· We have left current employment to set up a sustainability consultancy